E-Book Details. Table of Contents. Part 1: Three Atlases of the Brain in the Head 1 1. Show more. Show less. The brain controls our thoughts, memory and speech, movement of the arms and legs, and the function of many organs within our body. It also determines how we respond to stressful situations such as taking a test, losing a job, or suffering an illness by regulating our heart and breathing rate.
Figure 1. Eight bones form the skull and fourteen bones form the face. Nervous system The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral systems. The central nervous system CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system PNS is composed of spinal nerves that branch from the spinal cord and cranial nerves that branch from the brain.
The PNS includes the autonomic nervous system, which controls vital functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and secretion of hormones. Skull The purpose of the bony skull is to protect the brain from injury. The skull is formed from 8 bones that fuse together along suture lines.
These bones include the frontal, parietal 2 , temporal 2 , sphenoid, occipital and ethmoid Fig. The face is formed from 14 paired bones: the maxilla, zygoma, nasal, palatine, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae, mandible, and vomer. Inside the skull are three distinct areas: anterior fossa, middle fossa, and posterior fossa Fig. Similar to cables coming out the back of a computer, all the arteries, veins and nerves exit the base of the skull Figure 2.
The inside of the skull is divided into three areas through holes, called foramina. The big hole in the called the anterior, middle, and posterior fossae. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
It acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Ten of the twelve cranial nerves originate in the brainstem. The surface of the cerebrum has a folded appearance Figure 3. The brain is composed of three parts: the called the cortex. The cerebrum is billion nerve cells. The nerve cell bodies color the divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and cortex grey-brown giving it its name — gray matter Fig. Beneath the cortex are long connecting fibers between neurons, called axons, which make up the Frontal lobe white matter.
Each fold is called a gyrus, and each groove between folds is called a sulcus. If a brain tumor is located on the right side of the brain, Temporal lobe your left arm or leg may be weak or paralyzed. The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills. Lobes of the brain The cerebral hemispheres have distinct fissures, which divide the brain into lobes.
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital Fig 3. Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve very specific functions. There are very complex relationships Figure 4. The surface of the cerebrum is called the cortex. The cortex has a folded appearance. A fold is called a gyrus and the groove between is a sulcus.
Messages can travel from one gyrus to another, from one lobe to another, from one side of the brain to the other, and to structures found deep in the brain e. Deep structures Hypothalamus - is located in the floor of the third ventricle and is the master control of the autonomic system.
It plays a role in controlling behaviors such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual response. E-Book Description. E-Book Details. Table of Contents. Show more. Show less.
About the Authors. You are in the right place. Here you can easily download b. Organized progressively, the book shows readers how to replicate the underlying structure of the body using easy-to-understand scales and ratios; conceptualize the front and side views of the skeleton with basic shapes; add detail with The cerebrum forms the superior part of the brain, covering.
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