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Abstract Dengue is one of the most frequently transmitted mosquito-borne diseases in the world, which creates a significant public health concern globally, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Epidemiology of Dengue Infection Dengue is a global health threat in tropical and subtropical countries with a vast number of dengue infections that has been estimated to be more than million cases annually.
Table 1 List of total dengue cases by year and country. Open in a separate window. Clinical Manifestations of Dengue Infection There are three phases of dengue infection: the febrile phase, the critical phase, and the recovery phase. Figure 1. Figure 2. Adaptive Immunity T Cells T cells have been reported to have both pathological and protective function during dengue infection. Current Dengue Vaccines Licensed Vaccine Developing an effective vaccine against dengue is challenging due to the fact that the DENV has four serotypes with all four types have the ability to cause disease.
Figure 3. Pre-vaccine Environment Effect on Vaccine Response The pre-vaccination microenvironment is poorly understood for vaccine development. Challenges Face Dengue Vaccine Development Antibody Dependent Enhancement ADE Unlike other highly effective vaccines developed against other flaviviruses, the development of a dengue vaccine is highly challenging due to that fact that the virus has four antigenically different serotypes DENV1—4.
Figure 4. Cross Reactivity With Other Flaviviruses There are several challenges that have hindered the development of the dengue vaccine. Figure 5. Summary DENV is a significant health concern and the development of the best vaccine possible is needed to decrease the burden of this disease on society. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Seeking flavivirus cross-protective immunity. Support Center Support Center. External link. Please review our privacy policy. TDEN U. DPIV U. TVDV U. In vitro and in vivo Animal and phase I trial. The responses to the components of the tetravalent mixture were equivalent to the responses to each of the subunits administered individually. In an effort to evaluate the potential protective efficacy of the Drosophila expressed 80E, the dengue serotype 2 DENE subunit was tested in both the mouse and monkey challenge models.
In both models protection against viral challenge was achieved with low doses of antigen in the vaccine formulation. In non-human primates, low doses of the tetravalent formulation induced good virus neutralizing antibody titers to all four serotypes and protection against challenge with the two dengue virus serotypes tested.
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